Sources, characteristics, toxicity, and control of ultrafine particles: An overview

Air pollution by particulate matter (PM) is one of the main threats to human health, particularly in large cities where levels are continually exceeded. According their source emission, geography, and local meteorology, pollutant particles vary size composition. These conditioned aerodynamic diameter thus classified as coarse (2.5–10 μm), fine (0.1–2.5 ultrafine (<0.1 degree toxicity becomes greater for smaller particles. can get into lungs translocate vital organs due size, causing significant health consequences. Besides, PM pollutants have been linked respiratory conditions, genotoxic, mutagenic, carcinogenic activity beings. This paper presents an overview emission sources, physicochemical characteristics, collection measurement methodologies, toxicity, existing control mechanisms (UFPs) last fifteen years.